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Finally we are learning about describing events that happened in the past. It is a very important topic because it is difficult to have a typicall conversation or read a story without knowing how to express past events. I find past tense in German simpler than in English, but it is definetly not a simple topic. Let use see how it works.
There are two tenses used for expressing past events (actually three, but we won't talk about Plusquamperfekt now): Präteritum (simple past tense) and Perfekt (present perfect). In theory, one can be used to express events in the past that are finished, the other, events that started in the past but are still in progress, but this is not as strict as in English. Every verb can be used in Präteritum and in Perfekt, and in practice, in everyday language, people will use Präteritum typically for "sein", "haben", "werden" and modal verbs, while in other cases they will use Perfekt. If you are reading a story or a newspaper article you are more likely to see other verbs in Präteritum. Präteritum it is used more in written communication. Let us see now how these two tenses work.
It is called simple because the verb is conjugated and no auxiliary verb is needed. To form the Präteritum, remove the ending -en and add the following endings:
Ending | Präteritum of kaufen | |
ich | -te | kaufte |
du | -test | kauftest |
er/sie/es | -te | kaufte |
wir | -ten | kauften |
ihr | -tet | kauftet |
sie/Sie | -ten | kauften |
If you have a verb with separable prefix, the prefix get separated from the base verb, just like in the present tense. Prefix behaves like in the present tense, and goes to the end of the sentence.
Ending | Präteritum of einkaufen | |
ich | -te | kaufte ein |
du | -test | kauftest ein |
er/sie/es | -te | kaufte ein |
wir | -ten | kauften ein |
ihr | -tet | kauftet ein |
sie/Sie | -ten | kauften ein |
This would be super simple if there were no irregular verbs. You will learn irregular verbs in Präteritum as you encounter them in the German content thay you will consume. For now, let us look how the Präteritum looks for most common verbs used in Präteritum (sein, haben, werden, modal verbs).
First the Präteritum for "sein", "haben" and "werden":
sein | haben | werden | |
ich | war | hatte | wurde |
du | warst | hattest | wurdest |
er/sie/es | war | hatte | wurde |
wir | waren | hatten | wurden |
ihr | wart | hattet | wurdet |
sie/Sie | waren | hatten | wurden |
Now let us look at the Präteritum for modal verbs:
As you can see, these modal verb lose their "umlaut" in the Präteritum. Endings are in line with the rules for the Präteritum.
Here are some example sentences:
Ich hatte einen Hund. | I had a dog. |
Ich war gestern in Berlin. | I was in Berlin yesterday. |
Das wusste ich nicht. | I didn't know that. |
For all other verbs it is almost certain, in a typicall communication, that the Perfekt will be used while expressing events in the past. This verb tense uses an auxiliary verb (haben or sein) and Past Participle of a verb. As an auxiliary verb, "sein" is used in verbs that indicate movement or change of state. For all other verbs, the auxiliary verb "haben" is used.
The auxiliary verb is the only thing that is conjugated, and the conjugation is in the present tense which you already know. The past participle of a verb is not conjugated or changed. The only problem with this tense are the irregular verbs. Just like in English, some verbs don't follow the general rule, and these verbs have to be learned.
You already know how to conjugate "haben" and "sein" in Present, but how to you get past participle from a verb?
The rules for regular verbs:
Here are some example sentences:
Ich habe Spaghetti gekocht. | I cooked spaghetti. |
Er hat sein Auto verkauft. | He sold his car. |
Wir haben unsere Mutter gefragt. | We asked our mother. |
Du hast alles gesagt. | You said everything. |
Irregular verbs
So, when you learn English, you learn that in the past tense the rule is to add "-ed" to a verb, so "play" becomes "played" and "ask" becomes "asked". There are also irregular verbs in the past tense in English that you just have to learn. So, you will learn for "to swim" the past tense forms "swam" and "swum" (it is not swimed) or for "to write" you will have to learn "wrote" and "written" (it is not writed).
The same process is in learning German. Most of the verbs are regular, but you will need to learn Präteritum form and the past participle for the irregular verbs. I think the best way to do that is by consuming German texts and, in general, practicing.
Some of the most common irregular verbs in German are listed in the table bellow.
infinitive | 3rd person singular Präsens | 3rd person singular Präteritum | Past participle |
beginnen | beginnt | begann | begonnen |
biegen | biegt | bog | gebogen |
bitten | bittet | bat | gebeten |
*bleiben | bleibt | blieb | geblieben |
brechen | bricht | brach | gebrochen |
**bringen | bringt | brachte | gebracht |
denken | denkt | dachte | gedacht |
dürfen | darf | durfte | gedurft |
essen | isst | aß | gegessen |
**fahren | fährt | fuhr | gefahren |
*fallen | fällt | fiel | gefallen |
*fliegen | fliegt | flog | geflogen |
*fließen | fließt | floss | geflossen |
geben | gibt | gab | gegeben |
gehen | geht | ging | gegangen |
*geschehen | geschieht | geschah | geschehen |
haben | hat | hatte | gehabt |
halten | hält | hielt | gehalten |
heben | hebt | hob | gehoben |
heißen | heißt | hieß | geheißen |
helfen | hilft | half | geholfen |
kennen | kennt | kannte | gekannt |
kommen | kommt | kam | gekommen |
können | kann | konnte | gekonnt |
lassen | lässt | ließ | gelassen |
*laufen | läuft | lief | gelaufen |
lesen | liest | las | gelesen |
**liegen | liegt | lag | gelegen |
lügen | lügt | log | gelogen |
mögen | mag | mochte | gemocht |
müssen | muss | musste | gemusst |
nehmen | nimmt | nahm | genommen |
*rennen | rennt | rannte | gerannt |
rufen | ruft | rief | gerufen |
**scheinen | scheint | schien | geschienen |
schießen | schießt | schoss | geschossen |
schlafen | schläft | schlief | geschlafen |
schließen | schließt | schloss | geschlossen |
schneiden | schneidet | schnitt | geschnitten |
schreiben | schreibt | schrieb | geschrieben |
**schwimmen | schwimmt | schwamm | geschwommen |
sehen | sieht | sah | gesehen |
*sein | ist | war | gewesen |
singen | singt | sang | gesungen |
**sitzen | sitzt | saß | gesessen |
sollen | soll | sollte | gesollt |
sprechen | spricht | sprach | gesprochen |
**stehen | steht | stand | gestanden |
*sterben | stirbt | starb | gestorben |
tragen | trägt | trug | getragen |
treffen | trifft | traf | getroffen |
trinken | trinkt | trank | getrunken |
tun | tut | tat | getan |
verlieren | verliert | verlor | verloren |
waschen | wäscht | wusch | gewaschen |
*werden | wird | wurde | geworden |
wissen | weiß | wusste | gewusst |
wollen | will | wollte | gewollt |
Being able to talk about events in the past is a crucial ability in any language. In German the rules for forming past tense are not difficult. The problem with past tense in German are the irregular verbs. To be able to speak German well, you will just need to learn how to express events in the past with both regular and irregular verbs.
Fortunately the next two verb tenses in German that we will learn are the future tense and the plusquamperfekt, which are super simple. These two tenses will be introduced in the next lessson block, but we will mostly still practice past tense.